In September 2006, after being operational for more than 30 years, the Grumman F-14 Tomcat has flown its last operational deployment with VF-213 'Black Lions' and (appropriately) VF-31 'Tomcatters' squadrons on board USS
Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). The Tomcat is considered to be one of the most ‘complete’ fighter/interceptor ever built, being able to engage targets at long range using the 180km-range AIM-54 Phoenix to very short range (a few hundred yards) using the internal 20mm M61A1 cannon.
The Tomcat was developed as a fleet defence interceptor to replace the classic F-4 Phantom II and the aborted F-111B project. It was designed around the AWG-9 weapon system and the associated Phoenix missile and also the TF30 engines inherited from the F-111B. The Tomcat is required to intercept and destroy long-range, anti-ship missile-armed (and nuclear capable) Soviet bombers such as the Tu-16, Tu-22, Tu-26 and Tu-95/142 as far as possible from their missile launch range. The F-14 was nicknamed ‘Tomcat’ in honour of Vice Admiral Tom ‘Tomcat’ Connolly, the man who pushed for the creation of the new fighter aircraft. It also coincides nicely with the US Navy tradition of giving feline names to Grumman-built fighters since the late 1930s (such as F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, F7F Tigercat, F9F Panther, F9F Cougar, F11F Tiger and XF10F Jaguar). The Tomcat is also one of the few combat aircraft with variable-geometry (‘swing’) wings.
The Tomcat first flew in December 1970 and became operational in September 1974 with squadrons VF-1 'Wolfpack' and VF-2 'Bounty Hunters' on board USS
Enterprise (CVN-65). The first ‘combat’ cruise of the Tomcat was in April 1975 when the
Enterprise covered the withdrawal from Saigon, South Vietnam although no combat took place between American and North Vietnamese forces. In the the 1980s, in what was known as the
'Gulf of Sidra Incident', a pair of VF-41 ‘Black Aces’ Tomcats from USS
Nimitz shot down two Libyan Su-22 Fitters on 19 August 1981. A similar incident took place again on 4 January 1989 when a pair of VF-32 ‘Swordsmen’ Tomcats from USS
John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers. Also, during the 1980s, Iranian F-14s (the only export customer for the F-14) were engaged in combat against the Iraqi Air Force during the Iran-Iraq War. Apart from functioning in its intended role, Iranian Tomcats are also used as mini-AWACS, using their superior radar system to direct other Iranian fighter planes (such as the F-4 and the F-5) against Iraqi aircraft. The final kill by the US Navy Tomcat is an Iraqi Mi-8 helicopter, shot down by an F-14 from VF-1 using a Sidewinder AAM on 7 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm. These five kills are the only ones scored by the US Navy. The IRIAF Tomcats is much more successful, shooting down fairly large numbers of Iraqi warplanes using all the weapons systems available.
With the retirement of RF-8G Crusaders and RA-5C Vigilantes in the late 1970s, the Tomcat is selected to be the (interim) US Navy reconnaissance aircraft using the TARPS (Tactical Airborne Reconaissance Pod System) pod pending the introduction of the F/A-18R (which was eventually cancelled). The end of the Cold War and the budgetary cuts which followed brought a new role for the F-14, especially when the A-6 Intruder was withdrawn from service. The Tomcats are now equipped with LANTIRN (Low Altitude Navigational and Targeting Infra Red for Night) pods and are able to carry precision weapons such as the Paveway series of laser-guided bombs and also GPS-guided munitions. This final guise of the Tomcat is known as the ‘Bombcat’. The Tomcat also has its anaemic TF30 engines replaced with the more powerful and reliable F110s and the AWG-9 system replaced with APG-71.